PFAS in sparkling water are sparking questions among people who regularly reach for bubbly beverages. These synthetic compounds, also called “forever chemicals,” have been discovered in various water sources, including popular carbonated options on store shelves. If you enjoy fizz but wonder about water safety, you may want to look into whether sparkling water actually hydrates you just as well as still water does.
What Are PFAS?
PFAS (Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) are a large family of chemicals famed for their ability to resist heat, oil, and water. These unique properties stem from the ultra-strong bond between carbon and fluorine atoms, which makes the chemicals extremely resilient. Over the decades, PFAS have appeared in an array of products, from coatings on nonstick cookware to firefighting foams.
While they can be useful in manufacturing, PFAS do not degrade easily and accumulate in water supplies, soil, and even wildlife. Studies also reveal that PFAS can persist in the human body for years at a time, adding to concerns about potential health outcomes. Researchers continue to uncover how these chemicals enter our environment and how we might reduce our exposure.
Why Do PFAS Show Up in Sparkling Water?
Sparkling water comes from a variety of sources, including municipal systems and natural springs. When those sources become contaminated—often due to industrial discharges or landfill runoff—PFAS can slip into the supply. During processing, additional factors, like packaging materials or production equipment, can also introduce PFAS to the final product.
Interestingly, carbonated beverages sometimes display higher PFAS levels than still water. Some experts suggest that the carbonation process might enhance extraction of these chemicals from packaging. However, more research is needed to clarify why particular sparkling varieties test higher than comparable still versions.
Which Brands Have Elevated PFAS?
In consumer testing, PFAS levels frequently vary by brand, batch, and production date. A 2020 Consumer Reports study found measurable amounts of PFAS in 11 out of 12 carbonated waters tested, with Topo Chico reaching levels of about 9.76 parts per trillion (ppt). Meanwhile, certain brands like Spindrift and Poland Spring fared far better in the same tests, registering non-detectable or minimal levels of PFAS.
These findings suggest that regular testing is key. Some labels currently advertise “low PFAS” or “non-detectable PFAS,” reflecting an effort to address consumer concerns in a crowded marketplace. Comparisons can help you decide if a drink is right for you, just like learning about whether sparkling water can be beneficial or harmful overall.
Common Health Concerns Linked to PFAS
Researchers have associated long-term PFAS exposure with health risks such as hormonal disruptions, elevated cholesterol, and a higher likelihood of certain cancers. Because PFAS remain in the body and environment for so long, scientists worry about the cumulative effect these chemicals may have over a lifetime.
Immune function is another area under investigation. Early studies indicate that PFAS might lower vaccine effectiveness in children, though more data is needed. Additionally, some human and animal studies suggest higher PFAS levels can correlate with fertility challenges and pregnancy complications.
Regulatory Limits and Testing
Regulation of PFAS is still in flux. In 2024, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) introduced an enforceable standard for six PFAS compounds in drinking water, a milestone in the push for safer limits. However, no specific federal rules currently address PFAS levels in sparkling water as a separate product.
Some state guidelines fall below the EPA’s health advisory level of 70 ppt. For example, New York and New Jersey set considerably stricter thresholds, in the range of 10 to 14 ppt. Meanwhile, consumer organizations like the Environmental Working Group advise aiming for no more than 1 ppt of total PFAS in drinking water. These varying standards underline the importance of robust testing and transparency across the beverage industry.
Reducing PFAS Exposure in Carbonated Drinks
If you regularly sip flavored fizz, you might ponder what practical measures you can take to limit PFAS exposure. For tap-based, make-at-home sparkling water, consider using a reverse osmosis or activated carbon filtration system. Both options can significantly reduce PFAS concentrations before you add any carbonation.
When shopping for ready-to-drink bottled sparkling water, look for brands that publish independent testing results. Some companies subject their products to third-party lab analyses and share the data publicly. Keep in mind that minimal or “non-detectable” PFAS today is no guarantee of future results, so watch for updated testing over time.
How Do PFAS Affect the Body Over Time?
PFAS can accumulate because of their long biological half-lives. While short-chain PFAS generally clear the body faster, certain types like PFOA and PFOS can remain for years. This is particularly concerning for frequent consumers of beverages found to have elevated PFAS levels.
Scientists continue to map out exactly how PFAS might intensify various conditions, such as metabolic issues or immune challenges. Additionally, obstacles like underexamined PFAS compounds (beyond the typical PFOA and PFOS) make it difficult to predict the total effects of these chemicals on human populations over a lifetime. Ongoing research will likely shape guidelines in the near future.
Frequently Asked Questions About PFAS in Sparkling Water
Are there safe sparkling water options?
Some brands invest in advanced filtration or source cleaner water. Although no brand can promise zero PFAS, published testing results can point you toward those with lower levels.
Do home filters really help?
Systems like reverse osmosis have proved efficient at lowering PFAS in tap water. Ion exchange resins and activated carbon also have promising success rates but can vary by the specific PFAS compounds involved.
Is there a danger for having a few sips?
Scientists typically focus on long-term consumption when studying PFAS. Ongoing exposure over time appears to pose the bigger potential hazard.
Could carbonated water hurt my kidneys if it has PFAS?
While PFAS and kidney health are still under investigation, you may also want to learn more about the potential impact of carbonated water on kidneys. Laboratory data on PFAS and renal function is still emerging.
Bottom Line
Sparkling water can be a fun daily indulgence, yet the rising conversation about PFAS should not be ignored. Checking brand lab reports, installing capable home filters, or adjusting how often you enjoy certain carbonated beverages are all ways to manage your risk. Mistakes happen in production, and contamination can fluctuate, but staying aware helps you make more confident choices.
As you decide which beverage suits your preference and health goals, it might help to explore how mineral water compares. In the end, a little vigilance can go a long way toward prioritizing what goes into your glass.
References
Consumer Reports. (2020). “How safe is your bottled water?” Available at: https://www.consumerreports.org/(https://www.consumerreports.org/)
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). “PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation.” Available at: https://www.epa.gov/(https://www.epa.gov/)
CBS News. (2020). “Some sparkling water brands have PFAS chemicals, study finds.” Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/(https://www.cbsnews.com/)
